Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates.ДЄluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for AlzheimerвЂ™s disease (AD). Thus, it is the Al +3-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis.

radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H 2O 2, O 2.в€’, generate Al superoxides (H 2O 5)] +2.

Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres that after complexation with O 2 The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al +3 to target tissues. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of вЂњtotal AlвЂќ assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate.

(2007).Д¬hallenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines) it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates.

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